Treatment options are also suboptimal, likely due in part to the lack of adequate diagnostic tools, since the lack of specificity in the disease makes it difficult to develop a molecular target. Pentosanpolysulfate (Elmiron) is the first FDA-approved oral drug for IC, however only 30-60% of patients experience temporary relief of symptoms. Very little is known about the disease mechanisms underlying IC, a situation that significantly impairs options for treatment. What is needed to leap forward in the care of these patients are (i) biomarkers that will allow objective classification of the conditions that fall under the umbrella of IC; and (ii) a mechanistic understanding to allow development of rational therapeutic strategies with specific molecular targets.